Feb 24, 2014

كشف علمي جديد في الآثار السودانية


أظهر تحليل كيميائي لعظام النوبيين القدماء أنهم كانوا يستهلكون التتراسيكلين بانتظام ، وعلى الأرجح من خلال وجوده في المسكّرات التى يصنعونها. والنتيجة هي أقوى دليل حتى الآن على أن صناعة المضادات الحيوية ، والتي تعود رسميا إلى اكتشاف البنسلين في عام 1928، كان ممارسة شائعة منذ نحو 2000 سنة
ونشر البحث ، بقيادة عالم الانثروبولوجيا جورج أرميلاغوس  وعالم الكيمياء الطبية مارك نيلسون ، في المجلة الأميركية للأنثروبولجيا الطبيعية .
يقول جورج أرميلاغوس "نحن نميل إلى ربط الأدوية التي تعالج الأمراض مع الطب الحديث ، ولكن أصبح من الواضح بشكل متزايد أن هذه الفئة من السكان كانت تستخدم الأدلة التجريبية لتطوير العوامل العلاجية. ليس لدي أدنى شك أنهم يعرفون ما كانوا يفعلو" .

في عام 1980 ، اكتشف جورج أرميلاغوس ما بدا أنه آثار التتراسيكلين في عظام بشرية من النوبة مؤرخة ما بين 500 ق.م و 350 م ، وقد كشف فيما بعد على أنهم كانوا بلا شك ينتجون نوعاً من المضادات الحيوية. وقد ربط جورج أرميلاغوس وزملائه من الباحثين في وقت لاحق مصدرالمضادات الحيوية للمسكرات التى صنعها النوبييون. وقد أشار الى ان الحبوب التي استخدمت لصنع الخمر تحتوي على البكتيريا التي تنتج التتراسيكلين . أصبح نيلسون ، وهو خبير بارز في التتراسيكلين والمضادات الحيوية الأخرى ، من المهتمين بالمشروع بعد سماع حديث جورج أرميلاغوس في احد المؤتمرات. وقد توصل نيلسون الى نتائج مفاجئة أن "هذه العظام القديمة كانت مشبعة بالتتراسيكلين" ، وفي اعتقاده انهم كانوا يمتلكون علم ومعرفة التخمير لانتاج الدواء" وحتى انه وجد دلائل التتراسيكلين في ساق وجمجمة طفل عمره 4 سنوات ، مما يشير إلى أنهم كانوا يعطون جرعات عالية للطفل في محاولة لعلاجه المرض.
Ancient brewers tapped antibiotic secrets 1
Public release date: 2-Sep-2010
- which officially dates to the discovery of penicillin in 1928, was common practice nearly 2,000 years ago

El-Kurr Paintings (Photo credit: Mark Fischer)
A chemical analysis of the bones of ancient Nubians shows that they were regularly consuming tetracycline, most likely in their beer. The finding is the strongest evidence yet that the art of making antibiotics, which officially dates to the discovery of penicillin in 1928, was common practice nearly 2,000 years ago.
The research, led by Emory anthropologist George Armelagos and medicinal chemist Mark Nelson of Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is published in theAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology.
“We tend to associate drugs that cure diseases with modern medicine,” Armelagos says. “But it’s becoming increasingly clear that this prehistoric population was using empirical evidence to develop therapeutic agents. I have no doubt that they knew what they were doing.”
Armelagos is a bioarcheologist and an expert on prehistoric and ancient diets. In 1980, he discovered what appeared to be traces of tetracycline in human bones from Nubia dated between A.D. 350 and 550, populations that left no written record. The ancient Nubian kingdom was located in present-day Sudan, south of ancient Egypt.
Green fluorescence in Nubian skeletons indicated tetracycline-labeled bone, the first clue that the ancients were producing the antibiotic.
Armelagos and his fellow researchers later tied the source of the antibiotic to the Nubian beer. The grain used to make the fermented gruel contained the soil bacteria streptomyces, which produces tetracycline. A key question was whether only occasional batches of the ancient beer contained tetracycline, which would indicate accidental contamination with the bacteria.
Nelson, a leading expert in tetracycline and other antibiotics, became interested in the project after hearing Armelagos speak at a conference. “I told him to send me some mummy bones, because I had the tools and the expertise to extract the tetracycline,” Nelson says. “It’s a nasty and dangerous process. I had to dissolve the bones in hydrogen fluoride, the most dangerous acid on the planet.”
The results stunned Nelson. “The bones of these ancient people were saturated with tetracycline, showing that they had been taking it for a long time,” he says. “I’m convinced that they had the science of fermentation under control and were purposely producing the drug.”
Even the tibia and skull belonging to a 4-year-old were full of tetracycline, suggesting that they were giving high doses to the child to try and cure him of illness, Nelson says.
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Jul 3, 2013

ArcheoNews

Article
Coming soon in the 2013 issue of the journal Sahara (due out this month) if anyone is interested:
"Revisiting a hoary chestnut: The nature of early cattle domestication in North-East Africa
By; Michael Brass 
 

Jun 1, 2013

ArcheoTube

Watch "BBC Walking with Beasts - Mammoth journey" on YouTube

ArcheoNews

Scientists Debate the Prospects for Bringing Woolly Mammoth Back to Life http://www.theworld.org/2013/05/scientists-debate-the-prospects-for-bringing-woolly-mammoth-back-to-life/

May 19, 2013

نشاطات محلية

عبر الفيسبوك
طلاب جامعة النيلين في موسم آثاري في منطقة رخصة الجامعة بين السبلوقة وحجر العسل بقيادة الشاب المثابر احمد كبوشية.. بالتوفيق للشباب

Apr 21, 2013

Stonehenge may have Mesolithic roots

Via Archaeology Magazine

Mesolithic settlement dating to 7500 B.C. has been found about a mile away from Stonehenge. Archaeologist David Jacques of Open University began examining the area, which has a freshwater spring, thinking that hunter-gatherers would gather near water, where they could find animals. The people who lived in this settlement may have been responsible for erecting the first wooden posts at Stonehenge between 8500 and 7000 B.C. “The whole landscape is full of prehistoric monuments and it is extraordinary in a way that this has been such a blind spot for so long archaeologically,” he said.

Apr 19, 2013

ArcheoNews

Link: Kushite royal palace found in Sonijat |

The largest ever located according to the Polish mission excavating it  by Archaeology newsroom - Friday, 5 April 2013
The largest known royal palace of Kush  (namely 5000 square meters) has been found according to Polish news reports. The excavation campaign was led by Dr Bogdan Zurawski; the team had already found a temple at the site in 1998.
The discovery was made on the rightside bank of the Nile between the third and fourth cataracts in Sonijat, in the Sudanese region of Tergis. The name of the region Tergis derives from the ancient city Tergedus, mentioned in the description of Nero’s expedition of 60 AD (see Pliny the Elder, “Natural History”, book 6).
Zurawski suggests that Tergis / Tergedus is to be equated with the city Trgb which is known from the expedition to Nubia by Pharaoh Psamtek II in 593 BC, and with an unnamed location (in the “Krtn” nome) mentioned in the 5th c. BC stela of Kushite king Irike Amannote.
These texts (or one of them?) mention a ruined royal palace, so the present discovey of such a royal palace, combined with the geography (located halfway between Napata and Kawa), now proves these equations.